Prevalence and severity of academic burnout in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract
Background: Academic burnout (AB) is an insidious process characterized by the feeling of emotional exhaustion due to the demands of academic life. Despite its impact on people's health, its prevalence has not yet been reported in Peru. The objective was to estimate the prevalence of AB, based on the emotional exhaustion experienced by university students, and the differences according to the student's year of study and sex. Method: Participants were 341 college students (76% women) from several institutions who were enrolled between the second and fourth year-of-studies. The Emotional Exhaustion Scale was used to measure students' AB. Results: The prevalence of AB was described by percentages and the comparison between groups was performed with effect size measures. The results reveal BA levels at a high level (31.4%) and risk (11.7%). On the other hand, women score higher than men in BA, but no differences were found according to the year of study. The association with anxiety and depression was moderate. Conclusions: The prevalence of academic burnout was significant, and it is associated with anxiety and depression.
Downloads
References
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education [AERA/APA/NCME] (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Atalayin, C., Balkis, M., Tezel, H., Onal, B., & Kayrak, G. (2015). The prevalence and consequences of burnout on a group of preclinical dental students. European Journal of Dentistry, 9(3), 356 – 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.163227.
Auné, S., Dominguez-Lara, S., & Attorresi, H. (en prensa). Análisis psicométrico de una escala de agotamiento emocional académico con la teoría de la respuesta al ítem. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD–R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 389–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
Bekker, M. H. J., Croon, M. A., & Bressers, B. (2005). Childcare involvement, job characteristics, gender and work attitudes as predictors of emotional exhaustion and sickness absence. Work & Stress, 19(3) 221-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678370500286095
Bolaños, N., & Rodríguez, N. (2016). Prevalencia del síndrome de burnout académico en el estudiantado de enfermería de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Enfermería Actual de Costa Rica [Versión electrónica], 31(2). Recuperado desde: http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/enfermeria/article/download/24519/25894
Caballero, C., Abello, R., & Palacio, J. (2007). Relación del burnout y el rendimiento académico con la satisfacción frente a los estudios en estudiantes universitarios. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 25(2), 98 – 111. Recuperado de: https://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index.php/apl/article/view/1208/1076
Caballero, C., Hederich, C., & Palacio, J. (2010). El burnout académico: delimitación del síndrome y factores asociados a su aparición. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 42(1), 131-146. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rlps/v42n1/v42n1a12.pdf
Caballero, C., Gutiérrez, O., & Palacio, J. (2015). Relación del burnout y el engagement con depresión, ansiedad y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios. Salud Uninorte, 31(1): 59 – 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/sun.31.1.5085
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 112934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Cejudo, J., López-Delgado, M.L., & Rubio, J. (2016). Inteligencia emocional y resiliencia: su influencia en la satisfacción con la vida en estudiantes universitarios. Anuario de Psicología, 46(2), 51 – 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anpsic.2016.07.001
Chang, E., Eddins-Folensbee, F., & Coverdale, J. (2012). Survey of the prevalence of burnout, stress, depression, and the use of supports by medical students at one school. Academic Psychiatry, 36(3), 177-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.11040079.
Chunming, W. M., Harrison, R., MacIntyre, R., Travaglia, J., & Balasooriya, C. (2017). Burnout in medical students: A systematic review of experiences in Chinese medical schools. BMC Medical Education, 17(1), 217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-1064-3
Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú (2017). Código de ética y deontología. Recuperado de: https://www.cpsp.pe/documentos/marco_legal/codigo_de_etica_y_deontologia.pdf
Dominguez-Lara, S. (2017). Influencia de las estrategias cognitivas de regulación emocional sobre la ansiedad y depresión en universitarios: análisis preliminar. Salud Uninorte, 33(3), 315–321. Recuperado de: http://rcientificas.uninorte.edu.co/index.php/salud/article/view/8781/10891
Dominguez-Lara, S. (2018a). Invarianza longitudinal y error transitorio de una medida de burnout académico en universitarios. Avaliacao Psicológica, 17(3), 311-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.15689/ap.2018.1703.14421.04
Dominguez-Lara, S. (2018b). Magnitud del efecto: una guía rápida. Educación Médica, 19(4), 251 - 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2017.07.002
Dominguez-Lara, S., & Merino-Soto, C. (2019). Medición con ítem único del agotamiento emocional académico en estudiantes universitarios peruanos: evidencias de validez y confiabilidad. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica, 50(1), 45 - 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21865/RIDEP50.1.04
Dominguez-Lara, S. & Prada-Chapoñan, R. (2020). Invarianza de medición y datos normativos de una medida breve de inteligencia emocional en estudiantes universitarios peruanos. Anuario de Psicología, 50(2), 87 – 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/anpsic2020.50.8
Dominguez-Lara, S., & Torres-Villalobos, G. (2020). Aspectos éticos de la investigación mediada por internet: Un recordatorio. Educación Médica. Avance online. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2020.06.011
Dominguez-Lara, S., Fernández-Arata, M., Manrique-Millones, D., Alarcón-Parco, D., & Díaz-Peñaloza, M. (2018). Datos normativos de una escala de agotamiento emocional académico en estudiantes universitarios de psicología de Lima (Perú). Educación Médica, 19(3), 246 – 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2017.09.002
Dominguez-Lara, S., Alarcón-Parco, D., Fernández-Arata, M., Tamayo-Agudelo, W., Bernal-Vargas, L., & Campos-Uscanga, Y. (en prensa). Invarianza factorial de una medida de burnout académico entre estudiantes universitarios de Perú, México y Colombia. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento.
Escuderos, A. M., Colorado, Y. S., & Sañudo, J. P. (2017). Burnout académico y síntomas relacionados con problemas de salud mental en universitarios colombianos. Psychologia. Avances de la disciplina, 11(2), 51-72. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/psych/v11n2/1900-2386-psych-11-02-00051.pdf
Estela-Villa, L. M., Jiménez-Román, C. R., Landeo-Gutiérrez, J. S., Tomateo-Torvisco, J. D., & Vega-Dienstmaier, J. M. (2010). Prevalencia de síndrome de burnout en alumnos del séptimo año de medicina de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú. Revista de Neuropsiquiatría, 73(4), 147-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.20453/rnp.v73i4.1700
Estrada-Araoz, E. G., Gallegos-Ramos, N. A., Mamani-Uchasara, H. J., & Huaypar-Loayza, K. H. (2020). Actitud de los estudiantes universitarios frente a la educación virtual en tiempos de la pandemia de COVID-19. Revista Brasileira de Educação do Campo, 5, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.20873/uft.rbec.e10237
Fares, J., Saadeddin, Z., Al Tabosh, H., Aridi, H., El Mouhayyar, C., Koleilat, M. K.,Chaaya, M., & El Asmar, K. (2016). Extracurricular activities associated with stress and burnout in preclinical medical students. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 6(3), 177-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2015.10.003
Ferguson, C.J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532–538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015808.
Galán, F., Sanmartín, A., Polo, J., & Giner, L. (2011). Burnout risk in medical students in Spain using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey. International Archives Of Occupational And Environmental Health, 84(4), 453-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-011-0623-x
Hansen, V., & Girgis, A. (2010). Can a single question effectively screen for burnout in Australian cancer care workers? BMC Health Services Research, 10(1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-10-341
Huckins, J. F., daSilva, A. W., Wang, W., Hedlund, E., Rogers, C., Nepal, S. K., Wu, J., Obuchi, M., Murphy, E. I., Meyer, M. L., Wagner, D. D., Holtzheimer, P. E., & Campbell, A. T. (2020). Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e20185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20185
Kowalski, C., Ommen, O., Driller, E., Ernstmann, N., Wirtz, M. A., Köhler, T., & Pfaff, H. (2010). Burnout in nurses–the relationship between social capital in hospitals and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(11‐12), 1654-1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02989.x
Kristanto, T., Chen, W. S., & Thoo, Y. Y. (2016). Academic burnout and eating disorder among students in Monash University Malaysia. Eating Behavior, 22(2), 96-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.03.029
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R., & Williams, J. (2003). The Patient Health Questionnarie-2: Validity of two-item depression screener. Medical Care, 41(11): 1284-1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C
Kroenke, K., Spitzer R., Williams, J., Monahan, P., & Lowe, B. (2007). Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(5), 317 - 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004
Lederer, W., Kinzl, J. F., Traweger, C., Dosch, J., & Sumann, G. (2008). Fully developed burnout and burnout risk in intensive care personnel at a university hospital. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 36(2), 208 – 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057X0803600211
Li, H. Y., Cao, H., Leung, D. Y., & Mak, Y. W. (2020). The psychological impacts of a covid-19 outbreak on college students in china: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113933
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 103–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20311
Ministerio de Educación (2020). Resolución Viceministerial N° 085-2020-MINEDU. Recuperado de: https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/574842/RVM_N__085-2020-MINEDU.pdf
Nikodijević, A., Labrović, J. A., & Đoković, A. (2012). Academic burnout among students at Faculty of Organizational Sciences. Education Management, 64, 47 – 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7595/management.fon.2012.0019
Ozamiz, N., Dosil, M., Picaza M., & Idoiaga, N. (2020). Niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión en la primera fase del brote del COVID-19 en una muestra recogida en el norte de España. Caderno de Saúde Pública, 36(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00054020
Pedró, F. (2020). COVID-19 y educación superior en América latina y el Caribe: Efectos, impacto y recomendaciones políticas. Madrid, España: Fundación Carolina. Recuperado de: https://www.fundacioncarolina.es/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/AC-36.-2020.pdf
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213.
Ramos, F., Manga, D., & Morán, C. (2005). Escala de cansancio emocional (ECE) para estudiantes universitarios: Propiedades psicométricas y asociación. Interpsiquis. Recuperado de: http://www.psiquiatria.com/estres-62/escala-de-cansancio-emocional-ece-para-estudiantes-universitarios-propiedades-psicometricas-y-asociacion/
Ríos, M. I., Carrillo, C., & Sabuco, E., (2012). Resiliencia y Síndrome de Burnout en estudiantes de enfermería y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y de relación interpersonal. International Journal of Psychological Research, 5(1), 88- 95. Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2990/299023539011.pdf
Ríos-Risquez, M. I., García-Izquierdo, M., Sabuco-Tebar, E. A., Carrillo-Garcia, C., & Martinez-Roche, M. E. (2016). An exploratory study of the relationship between resilience, academic burnout and psychological health in nursing students. Contemporary Nurse, 52(4), 430-439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2016.1213648
Rohland, B. M., Kruse, G. R., & Rohrer, J. E. (2004). Validation of a single‐item measure of burnout against the Maslach Burnout Inventory among physicians. Stress and Health, 20(2), 75-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.1002
Rosales, Y., & Rosales, F. (2013). Burnout estudiantil universitario: Conceptualización y estudio. Salud Mental, 4(36), 337-345. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0185-33252013000400009
Rudman, A. & Gustavsson, J. (2012). Burnout during nursing education predicts lower occupational preparedness and future clinical performance: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(8), 988-1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.03.010
Salanova, M., Martínez, M., Bresó, E., Llorens, S., & Grau, R. (2005). Bienestar psicológico en estudiantes universitarios: facilitadores y obstaculizadores del desempeño académico. Anales de Psicología, 21(1), 170-180. Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=16721116
Santen, S. A., Holt, D. B., Kemp, J. D., & Hemphill, R. R. (2010). Burnout in medical students: examining the prevalence and associated factors. Southern Medical Journal, 103(8), 758-763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181e6d6d4
Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I. M., Marques, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033005003
Shirom, A. (1989) Burnout in work organizations. In Cooper, C. L., & Robertson, I., (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 25-48). New York: Wiley & Sons.
Spagnolo, P. A., Manson, J. E., & Joffe, H. (2020). Sex and gender differences in health: What the COVID-19 pandemic can teach us. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(5), 385-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/m20-1941
Tlili, M. A., Aouicha, W., Sahli, J., Testouri, A., Hamoudi, M., Mtiraoui, A., Dhiab, M.B., Chelbi, S., Ajmi, T., Rejeb, M.B., & Mallouli, M. (2020). Prevalence of burnout among health sciences students and determination of its associated factors. Psychology, Health & Medicine. Avance online. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1802050
Tuithof, M., ten Have, M., Beekman, A., van Dorsselaer, S., Kleinjan, M., Schaufeli, W., & de Graaf, R. (2017). The interplay between emotional exhaustion, common mental disorders, functioning and health care use in the working population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 100(9), 8-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.06.018
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., & Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D, Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. Avance online. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
Copyright (c) 2021 Interacciones
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright and give the journal the right of the first publication and that they can edit it, reproduce it, distribute it, exhibit it and communicate it in the country and abroad through printed and digital media.
The digital version of the journal is registered under a Creative Commons license (Under Creative Commons License): Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Therefore, this work can be reproduced, distributed and publicly communicated in digital format, provided that the names of the authors and Interacciones.
Therefore, it is established that authors can make other independent and additional behavioural agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the article published in this journal (eg, include it in institutional repositories or publish it in a book) as long as it is clearly indicated that the work was published for the first time in this journal.