http://dx.doi.org/10.24016/2020.v6n2.228
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Exposure to parental violence, child to parent
violence and dating violence of Mexican youth
Exposición a la violencia, violencia filioparental y en el noviazgo de jóvenes mexicanos
Daniela Cancino-Padilla 1;
Christian Alexis Romero-Méndez 2 and José Luis Rojas-Solís 3 *
1 Universidad
Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, México.
2 Universidad
del Valle de Puebla, México.
3 Benemérita
Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México.
* Correspondence: José Luis
Rojas-Solís. Facultad de Psicología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.
Calle 4 Sur #403, Centro Histórico, 72000. Puebla, Puebla (México). Email: jlrojassolis@gmail.com
Received: February 19, 2020 | Revised: March 07,
2020 | Accepted: March 26, 2020 | Published Online: April 01,
2020
CITE IT AS:
Cancino-Padilla, D., Romero-Méndez,
C., & Rojas-Solís, J. (2020). Exposure to parental violence, child to parent
violence and dating violence of Mexican youth. Interacciones,
6 (2), e228. http://doi.org/10.24016/2020.v6n2.228
ABSTRACT
Background: Violence is a serious problem that has generated
worldwide concern because of the consequences it generates on those who suffer
it. However, although it has been studied in its various forms, the study of
violence against parents still has considerable research gaps. Therefore, this
work had the objective of analyzing violence against parents, dating violence
and observed between the parents to identify their frequency, as well as the
possible correlations between them. Methods: The final sample was made up
of 256 individuals between 18 and 30 years old. The Child to Parent Aggression
Questionnaire-Revised and the Conflict Tactics Scale - Modified version were
used. Results: The results indicated differences between the sexes
regarding the incidence of both violence against parents and dating violence,
as well as correlations between the variables studied and the bidirectionality
in violence. Conclusion: It is important to investigate these phenomena
more to understand them better, take the necessary measures and improve
prevention and intervention programs.
Keywords: Child to Parent Violence; Dating Violence;
Interparental Violence; Mexico.
RESUMEN
Introducción: La violencia es un problema grave
que ha generado preocupación a nivel mundial a causa de las consecuencias que
genera en quienes la sufren. Sin embargo, aunque ha sido estudiada en sus
diversas formas, el estudio de la violencia filioparental
aún conserva considerables lagunas en su investigación. Por lo tanto, este
trabajo tuvo el objetivo de analizar la violencia filioparental,
hacia la pareja y la observada entre los padres para identificar su frecuencia,
así como también las posibles correlaciones entre ellas. Método: La
muestra final se integró de 256 individuos de entre 18 y 30 años. Se emplearon
el cuestionario de violencia filioparental, la escala
de táctica de conflictos, en su versión modificada. Resultados: Los
resultados indicaron diferencias entre sexos respecto a la incidencia tanto de
la violencia filioparental como hacia la pareja, al
igual que correlaciones entre las variables estudiadas y la bidireccionalidad
en la violencia. Conclusiones: Resulta importante indagar más en dichos
fenómenos para comprenderlos mejor, tomar las medidas necesarias y mejorar los
programas de prevención e intervención.
Palabras clave: Violencia
filioparental; Violencia en el noviazgo; Violencia interparental; México.
BACKGROUND
The violence that arises in couple relationships, such as dating, is a problem that has generated a worldwide concern; It is a silent phenomenon that seriously affects those who suffer from it, in addition to this it seems that more and more vulnerable groups suffer from it; Therefore, their understanding is important in order to improve prevention actions and thus reduce their devastating effects on society (Batiza, 2017; Bayona, Chivita and Gaitan, 2015; Dardis, Dixon, Edwards and Turchik, 2015). At least in Mexico, psychological violence is the type of partner violence with the highest prevalence in women aged 15 years and over (40.1%), followed by economic violence (20.9%), physical violence (17.9%) and by last sexual violence (6.5%) (National Institute of Geography and Information Statistics, 2016).
In this sense, dating violence can be defined as the
threat or use of physical force, restraint, psychological abuse and / or sexual
abuse, which cause harm or discomfort to the couple (Morales and Rodríguez,
2012). It is a multifaceted phenomenon, as it can occur in different ways,
according to Leen et al. (2013), dating violence can be classified into three
main types: 1)Physical violence, which refers to the intentional use of
physical force with the potential to cause death, disability, injury or harm.
2) Psychological violence, which involves trauma caused by acts, threats or
coercive tactics, such as humiliating, controlling, withholding information or
doing something to make the victim feel diminished or ashamed. And 3) Sexual
violence, which includes three elements: a) the use of physical force to compel
a person to engage in a sexual act against their will, b) involves an
individual in an attempted or completed sexual act, who cannot understand the
nature or refuse to participate in it, and c) intentional, unwanted sexual
contact or intentional touching of someone with diminished capacity. Without
detriment to the above.
In the international scientific literature, the
prevalence of the various types of dating violence shows great variability,
despite this it could be said that psychological violence is the most reported
by young people, in that sense a higher prevalence is also suggested in the
perpetration of psychological violence by women and sexual violence by men (Alegría and Rodríguez, 2015; Rey-Anacona,
2013); In this regard, it is worth mentioning that in many studies the nature
of violence is bidirectional, that is, both sexes can be perpetrators and
victims of violence (Rojas-Solís, 2013; Rubio-Garay
et al., 2017).
However, numerous theories have been developed to
explain the phenomenon, among which the social and systemic learning stand out.
According to the first, the main learning mechanism of violent behaviors is
observational learning in the family environment, where an observation and
experience of violence can be developed, as well as a pronounced identification
in the observer because of their relationship affective with the model
(Bandura, 1982). On the other hand, from the systemic perspective, the
existence of multiple variables closely related to the dynamics of the couple
and involved in the origin and maintenance of violent behaviors such as
relationship patterns, communication, responses or conflict resolution is
pointed out;
Thus, among the variables most related to dating
violence are: attitudes to justify violence, the influence of peers, exposure
to violence within one's own family or in the community, a history of physical
abuse and psychological, sexual abuse and negative parenting habits,
traditional gender stereotypes, a deficit in social and communication skills,
inadequate anger management, low self-esteem, use of alcohol and other drugs, a
personal history of aggression, lack of empathy and lack of social support
(Rubio-Garay et al., 2015).
Following the same order of ideas, exposure to
violence within the family, and in particular that observed among parents, is a
risk factor for dating violence, as various studies have investigated the
relationship between these variables, finding that members from dysfunctional
families manifested a higher incidence of dating violence, and significant
associations between having witnessed violent behavior between parents and the
perpetration of violence against their partner (Alvarado, 2015; Bolívar, Rey
and Martínez, 2017; Makin-Byrd and Bierman, 2013; Martínez, Vargas and Novoa, 2016).
On the other hand, some of the consequences of dating
violence can be poor academic performance, school dropout, dissatisfaction with
the relationship, low self-esteem, insecurity, isolation, eating disorders,
anxiety and depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms, suicidal ideation,
normalization of violence and therefore, risk of being victimized in future
adult relationships, decrease in the use of contraceptive methods and early
pregnancy (Valdivia and González, 2014).
Child-to-Parent Violence
Considering that interpersonal violence is a
multifactorial and multifaceted phenomenon, lately attention has focused on a
previously ignored manifestation, it is the violence of children against their
parents or authority figures, which is known as child to parent violence (CPV; Rojas-Solís, Vázquez-Aramburu
and Llamazares-Rojo, 2016). Although it is
true that the violence of children towards their parents is not a really new
phenomenon, in countries like Mexico, studies on this problem are still scarce,
so it is necessary to provide greater attention and stimulate interest in this
problem in the community scientific (Molla-Esparza
and Aroca-Montolío, 2018; Vázquez-Sánchez et al.,
2019).
Without detriment to the foregoing, CPV could be
understood, according to Llamazares, Vázquez and Zuñeda (2013) and Pereira et al. (2017), like any repeated
harmful act, whether physical, psychological or economic, that the children
carry out against the parents or any other figure (family member or not) that
takes their place, with the main and ultimate objective of gaining power and /
or control over these, also achieving in this process different specific
objectives (materials or other benefits). This is how daughters can manifest
three types of behaviors: 1) Physical violence, which includes actions that can
cause bodily harm and injury; 2) Psychological violence, which includes
behaviors that threaten the feelings and affective needs of an individual; and
3) Economic violence,
Regarding the prevalence of
CPV, most studies indicate that male adolescents are the ones who exercise the
most violence towards their parents (with a percentage of 60% to 80% of the
total), while most of the studies affirm that female figures (mothers or other
caregivers such as grandmothers) are usually the center of abuse (Martínez et
al., 2015). However, some possible predictors of CPV are the abusive use of
substances, such as drugs and alcohol and, on the other hand, the presence of
previous factors, such as the difficulty of parents to comply with rules and
respect limits, or the influence of friendships (negative) and other family
models (del Moral et al., 2015).
Considering that violence
is an interpersonal phenomenon that is usually studied in a fragmented,
disjointed or separate way, although different types of violence (in its
different modalities) do not frequently appear separately, coexisting, what is
known as co-occurrence of violence, that is, the simultaneous presence of diverse
forms of violence (Hamby & Grych, 2013 cited by Rojas-Solís,
2015), this research has the objective to explore whether there is presence of
dating violence and its co-occurrence with CPV and that observed between
parents, in order to determine possible correlations between said phenomena.
In that sense, the specific objectives are to analyze
the frequency of violence in intimate relationships, violence observed in
parents and CPV, identify if there are differences by sex, and finally, find
the associations between violence in intimate relationships, violence observed
in parents and CPV.
The hypotheses derived from the objectives mentioned
above are set out below:
1. Child-parent violence will be committed more
frequently against the mother.
2. Women will exercise more frequent psychological
child-parent violence, and men physical child-parent violence.
3. In their relationships, women will exercise
psychological violence more frequently, and men physical violence.
4. Having suffered some type of violence in the partner
will be associated with the perpetration of it, that is, partner violence will
occur in a bidirectional way.
METHOD
Design
Study with a quantitative approach,
non-experimental, cross-sectional and ex post facto design, with exploratory,
descriptive and correlational purposes.
Participants
The sample was made up of university
students, the majority from the state of Tabasco (Mexico), for which the
following inclusion criteria were established: being between 18 and 30 years
old, having or having had at least one relationship; and have lived or live
with both parents. At the beginning, the responses of 338 individuals were
obtained, but following the inclusion criteria, the responses of those who had
not lived or did not live with both parents were discarded. The final sample
consisted of 256 subjects (68% women and 32% men), aged between 18 and 30 years
(M = 21, SD = 1.84), all with heterosexual orientation. The mean
duration of the current relationship in months was M = 26.06 (SD
= 20.64) and of the past relationship M = 11.48 (SD = 15.06).
Instruments
At the beginning, a sociodemographic study
was carried out to collect general data, followed by the implementation of the
following instruments:
The Adolescent Child-to-Parent Aggression
Questionnaire (Calvete et al., 2013), which assesses the violence
committed by individuals towards their parents and is composed of 10 items to
assess violence against the mother, and 10 items to assess it against the
father. The instrument is made up of two subscales: the physical VFP and the
psychological VFP. The items are evaluated with the Likert response scale of 4
anchors (0 = Never-this has not happened in my relationship with my mother or
father, 1 = Rarely-it has only happened on 1 or 2 occasions, 2 = Sometimes- It
has happened between 3 and 5 times and 3 = Very often - it has happened 6 or
more times). The validation of the questionnaire in Mexicans presented good
psychometric properties, its reliability was obtained through the alpha
coefficient, obtaining high indices (Calvete and Veytia, 2018). However,
The Conflicts Tactics Scale (Straus, 1979), was used to identify violent behaviors
observed between parents. The scale measures the way in which parents resolve
their conflicts as a couple and includes three subscales: psychological
violence, mild physical violence, and severe physical violence. The items are
evaluated with the Likert response scale of 5 anchors (1 = Never, 2 = Rarely, 3
= Sometimes, 4 = Often and 5 = Very often). This scale has been validated for
the Mexican population and demonstrated good indexes of internal consistency
(Straus and Mickey, 2012).
The Modified Conflicts Tactic Scale (Muñoz-Rivas et al., 2007): it was included to
recognize the presence of violence in the couple relationship. The scale
assesses the way individuals resolve conflicts with their partners and includes
items of a dual nature, showing information on both the violence committed and
the violence suffered. The instrument is divided into three subscales:
psychological violence, mild physical violence, and severe physical violence.
The items are evaluated with the Likert response scale of 5 anchors (1 = Never,
2 = Rarely, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Often and 5 = Very often). The adaptation and
validation in the Mexican population was carried out by Ronzón-Tirado,
Muñoz-Rivas, Zamarrón and Redondo (2019) who obtained
high reliability indices.
Process
Once the virtual evaluation instrument was
formed, the link to answer it was disseminated through the Google Forms
platform, so that the participants could respond from their mobile devices or
computers at the time that is most convenient and comfortable for them. with a
duration of approximately 20 minutes. When the link to the questionnaire was
shared, a general presentation of the research objectives was made, and
emphasis was also placed on the confidentiality of the responses, ensuring
anonymity.
Ethical aspects
Regarding the ethical aspects, it is
necessary to emphasize that the measures suggested by the Mexican Society of Psychology
(2007) were adopted as well as those of the psychological research carried out
through virtual means (Eynon, Schroeder & Fry,
2012; Nosek, Banaji and Greenwald, 2002).
Data analysis
The analyzes were carried out through the
SPSS v. 22 for Windows, starting with the descriptive and inferential analyzes
and with the reliability analyzes of the subscales used by means of Cronbach's
alpha. To verify internal consistency, the values must be greater than 0.7 (Nunnaly and Bernstein (1994). Later, normality tests were
carried out, and after detecting non-normality in the responses, non-parametric
analyzes were carried out, such as the U test. of Mann Whitney to detect
significant differences between women and men. To determine the size of the
effect, the criteria of Cohen (1988) for the r of Rosenthal (rbis) were used: 0.1 = small effect, 0.3
= medium effect, 0.5 = large effect. To end, in order to analyze the existing
associations between the variables, the Spearman correlation coefficient (rho)
was used.
RESULTS
Internal consistency
To begin with, the reliability analysis of
the subscales used was performed by means of Cronbach's alpha, obtaining very
acceptable levels, following the criteria suggested by Nunnaly and Bernstein (1994), in both women and men,
especially in the subscales of mild physical violence committed by the father
(.91 in women and .92 in men) and of mild physical violence suffered (.89 in
women and. 95 in men) (See Table 1).
Prevalence of child-parent violence
As can be seen in Table 2, in the total
sample (women and men) the incidence of psychological CPV towards the mother is
higher, since 215 participants indicated that they committed this type of act
at least once. And with regard to physical CPV, its incidence towards the
father is higher, with 28 participants who indicated having exercised it at
least once.
Differences by sex in the variables
studied.
The test results of U of Mann-Whitney revealed significant differences in
various types of violence. (See Table 3), although according to Cohen's (1988) criteria for determining the effect
size (.1 = small effect, .3 = medium effect, .5 = large effect), this was small
in most cases. For example, young women reported having perpetrated
psychological violence towards their parents more frequently than men (U
= 5806, Z = -2.41, p = 0.01, rbis =
-0.15).
Likewise, in the case of psychological
violence committed by the mother (U = 5777.5, Z = -2.46, p =
0.01, rbis = -0.15) and mild
physical violence committed (U = 5893.5, Z = -2.28, p = 0.02, rbis = -0.14) For the
mother, women reported having observed this phenomenon more than men. The
participants who indicated having committed psychological violence (U = 4756.5, Z = -4.33, p = 0.00, rbis = -0.27) and mild
physical (U = 5239.5, Z = -3.53, p = 0.00, rbis =-0.22) against their partners; In the same
way that they stated that they had suffered mild physical violence more
frequently (U = 5678, Z = -2.75, p = 0.006, rbis = -0.17) by their partners.
Associations between Child-to-Parent Violence
The results indicated that in the sample
of women there was a link between the psychological CPV against the father and
the psychological CPV against the mother (rho = .586, n =
174, p = .01), as well as between the physical CPV against the father and
physical CPV against the mother (rho = .436, n = 174, p =
.01). Regarding the sample of men, an association was found between the
psychological CPV against the father and the psychological CPV against the
mother (rho = .681, n = 82, p = .01), and also between the
physical CPV against the father and the psychological CPV against the father (rho
= .538, n = 82, p = .01). (See Table 4).
Associations between observed violence between parents
As can be seen in Table 4, in the sample of women positive and significant links were found, such as the one that associates mild physical violence perpetrated by the father and psychological violence perpetrated by the father (rho = .757, n = 174, p = .01), which relates the mild physical violence perpetrated by the mother and the psychological violence perpetrated by the mother (rho = .682, n = 174, p = .01), and also highlights the link between psychological violence perpetrated by the father and psychological violence perpetrated by the mother (rho = .615, n = 174, p = .01). Regarding the sample of men, many high and significant associations were also found, but for reasons of space, only the highest ones will be highlighted. So, first of all, we can mention the association between psychological violence perpetrated by the father and mild physical violence perpetrated by the father (rho=.813, n=82, p=. 01), secondly, the link between psychological violence perpetrated by the mother and mild physical violence perpetrated by the mother (rho=.697, n=82, p=.01), and thirdly, the link between psychological violence perpetrated by the mother and psychological violence committed by the father (rho=.684, n=82, p=.01).
Associations
between violence committed and suffered in intimate relationships
Regarding the violence committed and suffered, the
results found in the sample of women indicated significant correlation indices
between the psychological violence both committed and suffered (rho
= .741, n = 174, p = .01), as well as between mild physical violence committed
and suffered (rho = .726, n = 174, p = .01). And in the
sample of men, high and significant associations were found, such as that
between the psychological violence committed and suffered (rho
= .850, n = 82, p = .01), and the link between mild physical violence committed
and suffered (rho = .850, n = 82, p = .01).
Associations between the various types of violence
Finally, significant associations were
found between the various types of violence, as in the case of the sample of
women, where significant correlation indices were found between psychological
CPV against the father and mild physical violence perpetrated by the father (rho
= .518, n = 174, p = .01), as well as between psychological CPV against the
father and psychological violence perpetrated by the father (rho
= .493, n = 174, p = .01). Regarding the sample of men, significant
correlations were obtained between the severe physical violence suffered and
the severe physical violence perpetrated by the mother (rho =
.817, n = 82, p = .01), between the serious physical violence committed and
serious physical violence perpetrated by the mother (rho =
.711, n = 82, p = .01), and between severe physical violence perpetrated by the
mother and physical CPV against the mother (rho = .707, n =
82, p=.01).
DISCUSSION
The objective of this
research was to study the frequency of Child-to-Parent Violence and its
co-occurrence with violence in intimate relationships and that observed between
parents and the co-occurrence between these phenomena, in students from a
public university in the southeast of Mexico; For this, specific hypotheses
have been proposed, which are discussed below.
With reference to the first
hypothesis raised in this study, it was expected that CPV would be more
frequent in mothers, as some studies have suggested (Calvete,
Gámez-Guadix, & Orue,
2014; Calvete, Orue, and
González-Cabrera, 2017). Notwithstanding the above, it was only evident in the
results obtained for the psychological CPV, since the physical CPV was suffered
mostly by the parents, agreeing on both issues with what was found by Vázquez-Sánchez
et al. (2019), as withÁlvarez, Sepúlveda
and Espinoza (2016). On the other hand, the data contrasted with that found by Ibabe (2015), who found no significant differences in the
perpetration of physical violence based on the sex of the parents, while Calvete and Veytia (2018) found a
higher incidence in all types of violence (psychological, severe psychological,
physical and severe physical) towards the mother. The presence of CPV against
the mother could be explained by the fact that mothers are the ones who usually
assume the role of raising their children, tend to spend more time alone with
them and can be perceived as weak (Martínezet al., 2015).
Regarding the second hypothesis,
“women exercise psychological CPV more frequently and men physical CPV”
(Lozano, Estévez & Carballo, 2013), this
differentiation was only manifested in psychological CPV against the mother,
whose prevalence was higher in women. On the other hand, according to the rest
of the CPV subscales, there were no significant differences between sexes,
coinciding with what was indicated by Aroca-Montolío,
Lorenzo-Moledo and Miró-Pérez (2014). Such results
differ from what was found by Ibabe, Jaureguizar and Bentler (2013),
who found that sons directed more physical CPV towards their parents than
daughters. These results could be explained from the intergenerational theory
of violence, according to which the observation or suffering of abuse in the family
context is a risk factor for children, enabling the learning of both passive
(being a victim) and violent (being an aggressor) behaviors that could be
exercised in the future (Molla-Esparza and Aroca-Montolío, 2018). In support of the above, in this
research correlations were found between psychological CPV against the father
and mild physical violence perpetrated by the father, as well as between the psychological CPV against the father and
the psychological violence perpetrated by the father on the daughters.
Likewise, a significant correlation was found between severe physical violence
perpetrated by the mother and physical CPV against the mother in the children.
Regarding the third hypothesis, it
was expected that women would exercise psychological violence more frequently,
and men physical violence (Alegría and Rodríguez, 2015). Well, the results
indicated significant differences between the sexes with women exceeding men,
reaffirming the first part of the third assumption and agreeing with that mentioned
by Rubio-Garay et al., (2017). However, it could not
be confirmed that men exercised physical violence more frequently and, on the
contrary, as has already been indicated in various studies (Cortés-Ayala et
al., 2015; Marasca and Falcke, 2015; Martínez, Vargas
and Novoa, 2016; Nava-Reyes et al., 2018; Peña et
al., 2018; Rodríguez, Riosvelasco and Castillo, 2018;
Wincentak, Connolly and Card, 2017), women
perpetrated physical violence to a greater extent. In accordance withGracia-Leiva (2019), one of the most controversial
topics of dating violence is the differences by sex in the prevalence of both
perpetration and victimization, since some investigations more frequently point
to men as aggressors, others to women, and a few others indicate high rates of
bidirectionality; Furthermore, if they find differences, or if they find higher
rates of violence in women, the statistical magnitude of the difference is
small, a possible cause being the fact that such studies do not take into
account the underestimation rates of violence by women . On the other hand,
some studies have highlighted that men tend to reject violence less, so they
justify it more than women; Similarly, several authors have pointed out the
fact that men are more likely to legitimize violence as a response, downplaying
it, while women overvalue their actions, causing them to feel guilty for them (Pazos, Oliva & Hernando, 2014) .
It goes without saying that, fortunately, the frequency of violence committed
and suffered found in the population was low, results that agree with findings
such as those of Celis-Sauce and Rojas-Solís (2015).
On the other hand, it was expected
to corroborate that having suffered some type of violence in the partner would
be associated with the perpetration of it, that is, that partner violence would
occur in a bidirectional manner. In this sense, significant correlations were
obtained between the perpetration and victimization of psychological violence,
as well as mild physical violence, thus corroborating the fourth assumption. In
this vein, it is pertinent to remember that in the present investigation, both
the sample of women and men found significant correlations between the psychological violence committed and
suffered, as well as between the mild physical violence committed and suffered,
coinciding with Celis-Sauce and Rojas-Solís (2015).
This is how the bidirectionality of the phenomenon became evident, already
present in multiple studies (Cortés-Ayala et al., 2015; Fernández-González,
O'Leary and Muñoz-Rivas, 2013; Palmetto et al., 2013; Valdivia and González,
2014), confirming the final assumption.
It is worth mentioning that
bidirectionality was also found in the link obtained between the psychological
violence observed between the parents, since in men, a positive correlation was observed between
severe physical violence perpetrated by the mother and severe physical violence
perpetrated against a partner.
On the other hand, and following what is suggested by
other authors (Ibabe, Arnoso
and Elgorriaga, 2020; Pacheco, 2015) regarding that
those who have observed or witnessed violence between their parents could
present violent behaviors in their dating relationships, a correlation was
found between serious physical violence perpetrated by the mother and serious
physical violence suffered in the courtship. Among other reasons, this could
happen as a result of what has been experienced in family dynamics, in such a
way that this type of violence is allowed in couple relationships after normalization
and acceptance as a means of resolving conflicts, (from Alencar-Rodrigues
and Cantera, 2012), so that exposure to violence could be a predictor of dating
violence (Bonilla-Algovia and
Rivas-Rivero, 2019).
Limitations
and strengths
Within the methodological limitations of this research
are the type of sampling used (non-probabilistic) and the disproportion between
the number of women and men participating, added to this it is necessary to
indicate that both the CTS and the M-CTS are not instruments intended entirely
to the evaluation of violence, but rather conflict resolution tactics, so the
results derived from them require caution when associated with violence
committed or suffered.
Future
lines of research
The authors suggest investigating more about CPV,
since, as mentioned above, it is a field in which there is still much to be
explored, especially with its current characteristics (Molla-Esparza
and Aroca-Montolío, 2018). And although violence in
relationships is a much more discussed topic, its evolution is constant,
especially when other types of relationships continue to emerge (free, friend,
etc.), so it would be pertinent to continue investigating such phenomenon;
without forgetting the necessary inclusion of other types of populations such
as same-sex couples, from rural areas, not in school or indigenous.
CONCLUSION
Finally, the results obtained are intended to
contribute to the empirical corpus on the co-occurrence of different forms of
violence in adolescents, especially in young people from Tabasco; Among other
implications, the fact of child-parent violence (psychological and physical)
stands out, as well as against the partner (psychological, mild physical and,
to a lesser extent, severe physical) is becoming evident in both women and men,
therefore Furthermore, they seem to have a bidirectional character both in the
participants and in their parents. These data, with due precautions, indicate
the need to implement violence prevention and intervention programs in all areas
and, especially, to avoid continuing to fragment the study of interpersonal and
intrafamily violence.
ORCID
Daniela Cancino-Padilla https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8430-7218
Christian Alexis
Romero-Méndez https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4851-7116
José Luis
Rojas-Solís http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6339-4607
FUNDING
Self-financed.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
No conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The student Daniela Cancino-Padilla wrote part of this article within the
Summer of Scientific and Technological Research of the Pacific, Dolphin
Program; the student Christian Alexis Romero-Méndez wrote part of this
manuscript within the Summer of Scientific Research - Mexican Academy of
Sciences Study carried out within the Academic Body (BUAP-CA-330): “Prevention
of violence: Educating for a Culture of Peace through Social Participation”.
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